From a total of 656 BROILER FARMS with the permission of exploitation in Guilan province, data was gathered from 20% of active FARMS including 85 units (Capacity of over 1663000 portions of BROILER chickens) to evaluate the management of nutrition and nourish using questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by the interview method. The methods of making feed, feed formulation, the shape of grain, the frequency of feeding, the type of dietary supplement and food additives, the use of experts, feed conversion ratio, causes of mortality, the age of mortality, drinking and feeding systems, and how to use fine nourishing (in the shape of supplement or concentrate) were considered in this study. The performance was calculated for each BROILER farm. According to the production index, the FARMS were divided into three groups of weak (200+25), medium (250+25), and good (300+25) and their differences were compared. According to the results, among the managerial factors, the factors such as: feeding system, water quality, the conformity of ration in nutrition with the needs of commercial strains and drinking management, have the most portion in creating the three groups of good, medium and weak, among the BROILER rearing FARMS. Thus, in the study of each group’s feeding system, the good group has the highest percentage of using automatic systems (86/60) and the weak group has the highest percentage of using manual systems. In comparing three groups regarding the drinking water quality, it was observed that good, medium and weak groups drink 92%, 61.84%, and 75% fresh water, respectively. Furthermore, in the weak group, most of the FARMS have used the water with tolerable hardness or saltiness. Finally, the conformity of strain’s requirement with diet was examined among groups. The results showed that 16.5% of units followed this conformity and the percentages of the good, medium, weak groups was 11.12%, 28%, 53.5%, respectively.

BACKGROUND: Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) causes mild to acute contagious infection of the upper respiratory tract in turkey and chicken with different mortality rate. OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to molecular detection and subtyping of AMPV infection in BROILER flocks using RT-PCR method in Semnan province on samples from 2016 to2020. METHODS: Sampling was carried out from the upper part of the trachea, choana, and sinuses of BROILER chickens from the 85 BROILER flocks. All flocks were more than 3 weeks of age. In total 10 swabs were taken from each flock, while each 5 were pooled as one sample (total two samples per flock). The samples were transferred to the laboratory for RNA extraction and RT-PCR amplification. RESULTS: Out of 85 tested BROILER flocks, 30 (35. 3%) were positive for AMPV using the Nd/Nx primer set. In addition, 28 positive samples were found to be of subtype B using the Ga/G12 primer set and 2 remaining positive samples were non-subtype B, probably A, C or D subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Since AMPV vaccination was not performed in Semnan province, it can be concluded that some cases were infected with the natural viruses. Therefore, vaccination could be effective in controlling AMPV-induced respiratory distress.

Food regimes of the most people in the world particularly in developing countries are deficient in protein. Since the animal protein play a main role in human nutrition, therefore, its quality and quantity should be considered. So it is necessary to study the cost structure as well as the potentials of the BROILER industry. The current study attempted to investigate the share of major inputs utilized in the BROILER industry. Data collected from 74 BROILER FARMS using simple random sampling method from Sanandaj for the agricultural year 2012-13. The results showed that, feed cost with 61.15 per cent ranked first among others variable inputs in study area. In addition, the result for Morishima elasticity of substitution showed that, relative share cost is increasing. And average ES for all data follow increasing returns to scale. But this can not be extending to all the cases stalwartly. So, it is not necessary to emphasis on increasing to the scale but other criteria such as management methods should be considered in the large BROILER FARMS.

Contamination of poultry by salmonella spp. is an important issue both in the field of public health as well as in the poultry industry and poultry have a significant role in transmission and incidence of human salmonellosis. The aim of the present study was isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. in Iranian BROILER breeder FARMS and their feed. Samples from Sixty two BROILER breeder FARMS and their feed from 21 states of Iran were collected during one year. All samples were cultured in different conventional media, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective plating and 18 Salmonella isolates were identified. Salmonella identification was confirmed by multiplex PCR and 12 isolates were confirmed. Out of positive samples, seven samples (58.33%) were Salmonella enteritidis in Ghazvin, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces, three samples (25%) were Salmonella infantis in Kordestan and southern Khorasan provinces, and two samples (16.6%) were Salmonella typhimurium in Fars and Lorestan provinces. All feed samples were negative. The results of this study showed that some breeder FARMS in Iran are contaminated with Salmonella and the most prominent Salmonella in BROILER breeder FARMS are Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella infantis, and Salmonella typhimurium respectively.

Introduction1: Analyzing technical efficiency is particularly important in any economic sector, including the livestock industry and BROILER production. By analyzing the efficiency of units, it is possible to help improve the use of resources and increase domestic production. Given the special importance of the livestock and BROILER production industry in the country, it is necessary to analyzing technical efficiency and optimizing production in this area. Especially in Kurdistan province, which is one of the most important regions of BROILER production in the country (3.8% of production in 2020), analyzing the efficiency and optimization of Arian race BROILER production can be one of the solutions to increase domestic production and improve the country's economy. The current study aimed to assess the technical efficiency and identify the key determinants affecting the production of Arian BROILER chicken in Kurdistan province using a parametric approach known as the Stochastic Frontier production function (SFP) method.  Materials and Methods: The level of technical inefficiency within the studied units was estimated by applying the functional form of Translog and employing the maximum likelihood method. A proportional sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 21 BROILER FARMS for the study. The selection of FARMS was based on a proportionate representation of the target population. Subsequently, comprehensive input-output data were collected through the administration of a structured questionnaire in the year 2021.This function has been estimated using the Ttranslog function form and with the help of the maximum likelihood method, and units have been investigated the main factors explaining the level of technical inefficiency of the studied. A proportional sampling method was used to select 21 BROILER FARMS, and input-output data were collected by completing a questionnaire in 2021. Results and Discussion: In this study, using the translog function, has been investigated the relationship between different variables and technical efficiency in the production of Arian BROILER in Kurdistan province. The results showed that feed consumption, the number of hatchlings and the cost of medicine and health were important variables that had a direct and significant effect on the amount of meat production. In addition, the estimated technical efficiency at the farm level ranged from 43% to 90% with an average of 75%. This result indicates that the poultry FARMS of Kurdistan province have relatively high technical efficiency. Also, the evaluation of the factors related to inefficiency showed that among the seven investigated factors, the variables of age, experience of the poultry owner and the labor force, the length of the breeding period and the degree of mechanization of the units had a negative and significant effect on the inefficiency. The age and experience of the poultry owner, there were two of the most important influencing factors that were observed in this research. Conclusion: Considering the importance of BROILER feed in increasing efficiency and its high share of variable costs, measures to stabilize its price are essential. To do this, contract farming may help BROILER farmers to reduce price fluctuations in the feed market. Additionally, in case of shortage, the government can intervene and regulate the feed market. Also, considering that the age and experience of the poultry owner are two important factors on production efficiency, designing appropriate training programs for them can help improve their experience and skills in BROILER production.

BACKGROUND: Among infectious diseases, Newcastle disease, due to being highly contagious and its rapid spread among poultry and other bird species, is a deadly viral disease and is considered a global threat to the poultry industry. Objectives: To determine the occurrence of Newcastle disease in poultry BROILER FARMS reported to the Iranian veterinary organization during the study period. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study from September 2013 to March 2015. During this study, from 185 FARMS and a total of 3700 bird sera, cloacal and tracheal swabs were sampled and tested using a haemagglutination inhibition test and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction respectively. Results: In this study, of a total of 185 FARMS reported to the Iranian Veterinary Organization, 115 FARMS (62. 16%, 95%CI: 55. 17-69. 14) were positive for Newcastle disease viruses and then using specific primers, 69 FARMS (37. 3%, 95%CI: 30. 33-44. 26) had vaccinal pathotype (non-acute) and 46 FARMS (25%, 95%CI: 18. 76-31. 23) had acute pathotype (field virus). The mean± SD age of infected poultry was 24. 63± 5. 38 days and antibodies titer against Newcastle disease virus was 5. 97± 1. 21. The highest mortality rates were observed in the spring (32. 34%) and winter (26. 9%), respectively. Mazandaran (37%) and Isfahan (22%) province had the highest percentage of FARMS with Newcastle disease. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested virulent Newcastle virus strains are circulating in the Iranian commercial BROILER FARMS in the mentioned time and with high occurrence. Therefore, the relevant authorities need to make correct decisions to reduce the risk of Newcastle disease in the Iranian poultry industry and its control.

Background: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a widespread infectious respiratory pathogen affecting turkeys and chickens, with co-predominance of the subtypes A and B. Objectives: There is no official reports in Morocco about the subtypes of aMPV circulating. Hence, using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) subtypes-specific A and B, we aimed at detecting and identifying the potential subtype(s) circulating. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study on three BROILER flocks that were strictly not vaccinated against aMPV and were located in two different geographical regions. We studied two flocks that expressed typical swollen head syndrome (SHS) and sampled them once. Furthermore, we sampled dead birds of one flock confirmed seropositive from a previous study. A total of 118 swabs pooled in 24 samples were subjected to RNA extraction and amplified using a triplex RT-PCR for specific detection of aMPV subtypes A and B. Additionally, serum samples were taken at slaughtering age to cross-check the molecular results. A total of 84 sera were analyzed with a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to detect and titer antibodies against the two subtypes.Results: Avian metapneumovirus was detected by qRT-PCR in all flocks. About 87.50% of the samples were positive for aMPV-B, and 16.67% for aMPV-A and aMPV-B simultaneously. All flocks showed seropositivity, confirming the molecular findings.Conclusion: The present investigation is the first molecular study in Morocco to elucidate the circulation of aMPV-A and aMPV-B in BROILER FARMS in Morocco with a dominance of aMPV-B and the possibility of co-presence of both subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Avian rotaviruses are one of the important agents of enteritis in birds and have a worldwide distribution. These viruses have an important role in runting and stunting syndrome in chickens. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was detection and molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses in BROILER FARMS in Guilan province. METHODS: In this study, 100 samples were collected on different FARMS from the intestines of healthy and diseased BROILER chickens and tested by RT-PCR targeting of the NSP4 gene. Sequencing of NSP4 gene has been used for characterization of detected viruses. RESULTS: Avian rotaviruses were detected in 46% of samples by RT-PCR. Partial sequencing of seven NSP4 genes and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses belonged to group A avian rotaviruses and were 97. 52% to 100% homologous. Sequence identity between viruses with previous chicken rotavirus sequences was 31. 68% to 99. 5%. In comparison with turkey rotavirus Ty-1 and pigeon rotavirus, the homology was 76. 98% to 78. 22% and 74. 75% to 76. 98%, respectively. Evident differences were detected between the rotaviruses studied and human and pig rotaviruses with homologies of 31. 19% to 38. 86% for pig and 47. 77% to 48. 02% for human viruses. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses in Iran. Results of this study showed that the group A avian rotaviruses are one of the considerable enteric pathogens in BROILER chickens of Guilan province. Further study on the whole genome structure could elucidate the evolutionary process of avian rotaviruses circulating in Iran.

Food in view of planning and economic development is one of the main factors of society health. Food has a basic role in providing economic security in countries.BROILER production is one of the main sources of the food in Iran. This study concerns economic efficiency and productivity of BROILER industry in 'Savojbolagh' township. Information of this study has been obtained by questionnaire by stratified random sampling from the active BROILER FARMS through product function method (Cobb-Douglas) and marginal analysis. The results indicate that labor and day-old chick used in BROILER FARMS are less than optimum, but average feed intake per chicks are moved to the optimum level. Also all the farm units use fuel outside the economic region. Regarding unit sizes, increment in using labor, day-old chichs and hygienic costs in large scale FARMS (containing more than 10000 chicks) and decrease in feed intake, fuel consumption and hygienic costs in small scale units (less than 10000 chicks) will help improve the economic efficiency. Comparing BROILER FARMS capacity, indicates that the use of technology education and extension in large BROILER FARMS is the best.Also total productivity factors of the large units is more than small units. The observed unfavorableness is due to inaccessibility of BROILER FARMS manager, to the organized markets in output and input factors market (competitive market).

In this study, the economic evaluation of BROILER FARMS in Fars province was performed based on some characteristics of FARMS and managers, measuring and analyzing the productivity of producing factors and comparing the current consumption of these factors with the optimal situation. Using stratified random sampling method, 86 poultry FARMS were selected and the necessary data were collected through interviews and completing a questionnaire. Based on the results, the effect of feed cost, day-old chickens, labor, vaccines, drugs and fuel cost variables on live chicken production is positive and significant. The average productivity of the consumed feed and conversion ratio for the sample are equal to 0.51 and 1.96, respectively. An average of 22,740 kilograms of live chicken is produced per worker in each production period. According to the calculated final productivity values, the amount of consumed feed is more than the optimal limit and the used labor force is less than the optimal limit. The mean, minimum and maximum productivity values of the total production factors calculated in the selected sample are 2.35, 1.38 and 3.26, respectively. Based on the results reforming the market structure at the slaughterhouse level, optimal use of feed inputs and labor, reducing breeding periods and increasing the number of hatcheries per year, can improve producers' incomes compared to costs and affect productivity of producing factors, and recommended.